- Define “ Domestic violence”, “Spouse battering” and “Child Abuse”
- Describe different types and possible causes of domestic violence
- Understand impact of domestic violence on victims
- Identify services for battering victims in Hong Kong
- Develop preventive measures against domestic violence
"Domestic Violence"
Domestic violence or intimate partner violence is a pattern of assaultive and coercive behaviors including physical, sexual and psychological attacks, as well as economic coercion used by adults or adolescents against their current or former intimate partners. (Child Welfare information Gateway, 2018)"Spouse battering"extends to "Domestic Violence"
The use of violence or the threat of violence inflicts physical or psychological harm, with the effect of one individual establishing over another. (Working Group on Combating Violence, 2011)"Child Abuse"
Any act of commission or omission that endangers
or impairs a child’s physical/psychological health
and development.
(Social Welfare Department, 2015)
Type of "Domestic Violence"
- Physical Abuse
- Sexual Abuse
- Psychological Abuse
- Financial Abuse
Cause of "Domestic Violence" ---> 全部針對女性
- Cultural 大男人主義及接受用暴力嚟解決紛爭
- Gender-specific socialization
- Belief in the inherent superiority固有優勢 of males
- Notion概念 of the family as the private sphere and under male control
- Acceptability of violence as a means to resolve conflict
- Socio-economical 經濟依賴、冇就業機會、冇教育
- Economic dependence on men
- Limited access to employment in formal & informal sectors
- Limited access to education and training
- Legal 法律冇保障
- Legal definitions of rape強姦 and domestic abuse
- Insensitive treatment of women and girls by police and judiciary
- Political
- not taken seriously
- Limited political force
Impact
Women as victims
- Physical
- Injuries
- Unwanted pregnancy
- Miscarriage
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STD)
- Disabilities
- Somatic complaints
- Eating disorders
- Self-injurious behaviors (Alcoholics, substance abuse)
- Mental
- Depression
- Fear & Anxiety
- Low self-esteem
- Sexual dysfunction
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Post traumatic stress disorder
- Suicidal tendencies
Children as victims
- Physical
- Injuries
- Disabilities
- Somatic complaints
- Eating disorders
- Sleep disturbance
- Mental
- Fear & Anxiety
- Low self-esteem
- Learning difficulty at school
- Hard to develop close and positive friendships
- Bullying others
- Destructive behaviors
- Suicidal tendencies
Services in Hong Kong
- The Family and Child Protective Services Unit
- Arrange medical examination, investigation of abuse, counselling services, referral for services for victims
- Promote public awareness of domestic violence
- Integrated Family Service Centers (IFSC)
- Provide family life education, counselling and referral service for individuals or families in need
- Medical Social Workers
- Provides counselling service and arrange referrals
- Five refuge centers 避難所
- addresses to be kept confidential
- Direct application or referral by any organization to refuge centers is accepted
Preventive Measures
Warning Signs of Abusive Relationship
- Extremely jealousy 妒忌
- Controlling Behavior （Control Freak）
- Quick involvement (Possessiveness) 佔有慾
- Alcohol & drug abuse
- Explosive anger
- Isolates the partner from friends & relatives
- Use of force during an argument
- Blame others for his/her problems and feelings
- Cruel to children or animals
- Verbally abusive
- Abused former partner
Prevention
- Reform civil and criminal legal frameworks
- Strengthen women's civil rights
- Build coalitions聯盟 of government and civil society institutions
- Raise awareness about existing legislation
- Design life-skills and school-based programmes
- Promote nonviolence and gender equality
- Promote social and economic empowerment of women and girls
- Integrate attention to violence against women into sexual and reproductive health services
- Provide early-intervention services to at-risk families
- Comprehensive service response to victims
- Referral systems to help survivors
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